ID2T-toolkit/code_boost/src/cxx/statistics.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <math.h>
#include "statistics.h"
#include <sstream>
#include <SQLiteCpp/SQLiteCpp.h>
#include "statistics_db.h"
#include "statistics.h"
#include "utilities.h"

using namespace Tins;

/**
 * Checks if there is a payload and increments payloads counter.
 * @param pdu_l4 The packet that should be checked if it has a payload or not.
 */
void statistics::checkPayload(const PDU *pdu_l4) {
    if(this->getDoExtraTests()) {
        // pdu_l4: Tarnsport layer 4
        int pktSize = pdu_l4->size();
        int headerSize = pdu_l4->header_size(); // TCP/UDP header
        int payloadSize = pktSize - headerSize;
        if (payloadSize > 0)
            payloadCount++;
    }
}

/**
 * Checks the correctness of TCP checksum and increments counter if the checksum was incorrect.
 * @param ipAddressSender The source IP.
 * @param ipAddressReceiver The destination IP.
 * @param tcpPkt The packet to get checked.
 */
void statistics::checkTCPChecksum(const std::string &ipAddressSender, const std::string &ipAddressReceiver, TCP tcpPkt) {
    if(this->getDoExtraTests()) {
        if(check_tcpChecksum(ipAddressSender, ipAddressReceiver, tcpPkt))
            correctTCPChecksumCount++;
        else incorrectTCPChecksumCount++;
    }
}

/**
 * Calculates entropy of the source and destination IPs in a time interval.
 * @param intervalStartTimestamp The timstamp where the interval starts.
 * @return a vector: contains source IP entropy and destination IP entropy.
 */
std::vector<double> statistics::calculateLastIntervalIPsEntropy(std::chrono::microseconds intervalStartTimestamp){
    if(this->getDoExtraTests()) {
        // TODO: change datastructures
        std::vector<long> IPsSrcPktsCounts;
        std::vector<long> IPsDstPktsCounts;
        std::vector<long> IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts;
        std::vector<long> IPsDstNovelPktsCounts;

        std::vector<double> IPsSrcProb;
        std::vector<double> IPsDstProb;
        std::vector<double> IPsSrcNovelProb;
        std::vector<double> IPsDstNovelProb;

        long pktsSent = 0, pktsReceived = 0, novelPktsSent = 0, novelPktsReceived = 0;

        for (auto i = ip_statistics.begin(); i != ip_statistics.end(); i++) {
            long IPsSrcPktsCount = 0;
            long IPsSrcNovelPktsCount = 0;
            if (intervalCumIPStats.count(i->first) == 0) {
                IPsSrcPktsCount = i->second.pkts_sent;
                IPsSrcNovelPktsCount = i->second.pkts_sent;
                IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts.push_back(IPsSrcNovelPktsCount);
                novelPktsSent += IPsSrcNovelPktsCount;
            } else {
                IPsSrcPktsCount = i->second.pkts_sent-intervalCumIPStats[i->first].pkts_sent;
            }
            if(IPsSrcPktsCount != 0) {
                IPsSrcPktsCounts.push_back(IPsSrcPktsCount);
                pktsSent += IPsSrcPktsCount;
            }

            long IPsDstPktsCount = 0;
            long IPsDstNovelPktsCount = 0;
            if (intervalCumIPStats.count(i->first) == 0) {
                IPsDstPktsCount = i->second.pkts_received;
                IPsDstNovelPktsCount = i->second.pkts_received;
                IPsDstNovelPktsCounts.push_back(IPsDstNovelPktsCount);
                novelPktsReceived += IPsDstNovelPktsCount;
            } else {
                IPsDstPktsCount = i->second.pkts_received-intervalCumIPStats[i->first].pkts_received;
            }
            if(IPsDstPktsCount != 0) {
                IPsDstPktsCounts.push_back(IPsDstPktsCount);
                pktsReceived += IPsDstPktsCount;
            }
        }

        for (auto i = IPsSrcPktsCounts.begin(); i != IPsSrcPktsCounts.end(); i++) {
            IPsSrcProb.push_back(static_cast<double>(*i) / static_cast<double>(pktsSent));
        }
        for (auto i = IPsDstPktsCounts.begin(); i != IPsDstPktsCounts.end(); i++) {
            IPsDstProb.push_back(static_cast<double>(*i) / static_cast<double>(pktsReceived));
        }
        for (auto i = IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts.begin(); i != IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts.end(); i++) {
            IPsSrcNovelProb.push_back(static_cast<double>(*i) / static_cast<double>(novelPktsSent));
        }
        for (auto i = IPsDstNovelPktsCounts.begin(); i != IPsDstNovelPktsCounts.end(); i++) {
            IPsDstNovelProb.push_back(static_cast<double>(*i) / static_cast<double>(novelPktsReceived));
        }

        // Calculate IP source entropy
        double IPsSrcEntropy = 0;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < IPsSrcProb.size(); i++) {
            if (IPsSrcProb[i] > 0)
                IPsSrcEntropy += -IPsSrcProb[i] * log2(IPsSrcProb[i]);
        }
        // Calculate IP destination entropy
        double IPsDstEntropy = 0;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < IPsDstProb.size(); i++) {
            if (IPsDstProb[i] > 0)
                IPsDstEntropy += -IPsDstProb[i] * log2(IPsDstProb[i]);
        }
        // Calculate IP source novel entropy
        double IPsSrcNovelEntropy = 0;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < IPsSrcNovelProb.size(); i++) {
            if (IPsSrcNovelProb[i] > 0)
                IPsSrcNovelEntropy += -IPsSrcNovelProb[i] * log2(IPsSrcNovelProb[i]);
        }
        // Calculate IP destination novel entropy
        double IPsDstNovelEntropy = 0;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < IPsDstNovelProb.size(); i++) {
            if (IPsDstNovelProb[i] > 0)
                IPsDstNovelEntropy += -IPsDstNovelProb[i] * log2(IPsDstNovelProb[i]);
        }

        this->ip_src_novel_count = IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts.size();
        this->ip_dst_novel_count = IPsDstNovelPktsCounts.size();

        double norm_src_entropy = 0;
        if (IPsSrcPktsCounts.size() > 0 && log2(IPsSrcPktsCounts.size()) > 0) {
            norm_src_entropy = IPsSrcEntropy / log2(IPsSrcPktsCounts.size());
        }
        double norm_dst_entropy = 0;
        if (IPsDstPktsCounts.size() > 0 && log2(IPsDstPktsCounts.size()) > 0) {
            norm_dst_entropy = IPsDstEntropy / log2(IPsDstPktsCounts.size());
        }
        double norm_novel_src_entropy = 0;
        if (IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts.size() > 0 && log2(IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts.size()) > 0) {
            norm_novel_src_entropy = IPsSrcNovelEntropy / log2(IPsSrcNovelPktsCounts.size());
        }
        double norm_novel_dst_entropy = 0;
        if (IPsDstNovelPktsCounts.size() > 0 && log2(IPsDstNovelPktsCounts.size()) > 0) {
            norm_novel_dst_entropy = IPsDstNovelEntropy / log2(IPsDstNovelPktsCounts.size());
        }

        std::vector<double> entropies = {IPsSrcEntropy, IPsDstEntropy, IPsSrcNovelEntropy, IPsDstNovelEntropy, norm_src_entropy, norm_dst_entropy, norm_novel_src_entropy, norm_novel_dst_entropy};
        return entropies;
    }
    else {
        return {-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1};
    }
}

/**
 * Calculates the cumulative entropy of the source and destination IPs, i.e., the entropy for packets from the beginning of the pcap file.
 * @return a vector: contains the cumulative entropies of source and destination IPs
 */
std::vector<double> statistics::calculateIPsCumEntropy(){
    if(this->getDoExtraTests()) {
        std::vector <std::string> IPs;
        std::vector <double> IPsSrcProb;
        std::vector <double> IPsDstProb;

        for (auto i = ip_statistics.begin(); i != ip_statistics.end(); i++) {
            IPs.push_back(i->first);
            IPsSrcProb.push_back(static_cast<double>(i->second.pkts_sent)/static_cast<double>(packetCount));
            IPsDstProb.push_back(static_cast<double>(i->second.pkts_received)/static_cast<double>(packetCount));
        }

        // Calculate IP source entropy
        double IPsSrcEntropy = 0;
        for(unsigned i=0; i < IPsSrcProb.size();i++){
            if (IPsSrcProb[i] > 0)
                IPsSrcEntropy += - IPsSrcProb[i]*log2(IPsSrcProb[i]);
        }

        // Calculate IP destination entropy
        double IPsDstEntropy = 0;
        for(unsigned i=0; i < IPsDstProb.size();i++){
            if (IPsDstProb[i] > 0)
                IPsDstEntropy += - IPsDstProb[i]*log2(IPsDstProb[i]);
        }

        double norm_src_entropy = 0;
        if (IPsSrcProb.size() > 0 && log2(IPsDstProb.size()) > 0) {
            norm_src_entropy = IPsSrcEntropy / log2(IPsSrcProb.size());
        }
        double norm_dst_entropy = 0;
        if (IPsDstProb.size() > 0 && log2(IPsDstProb.size()) > 0) {
            norm_dst_entropy = IPsDstEntropy / log2(IPsDstProb.size());
        }

        std::vector<double> entropies = {IPsSrcEntropy, IPsDstEntropy, norm_src_entropy, norm_dst_entropy};
        return entropies;
    }
    else {
        return {-1, -1, -1, -1};
    }
}

/**
 * Calculates sending packet rate for each IP in a time interval. Finds min and max packet rate and adds them to ip_statistics map.
 * @param intervalStartTimestamp The timstamp where the interval starts.
 */
void statistics::calculateIPIntervalPacketRate(std::chrono::duration<int, std::micro> interval, std::chrono::microseconds intervalStartTimestamp){        
        for (auto i = ip_statistics.begin(); i != ip_statistics.end(); i++) {
            int IPsSrcPktsCount = 0;
            for (auto j = i->second.pkts_sent_timestamp.begin(); j != i->second.pkts_sent_timestamp.end(); j++) {
                if(*j >= intervalStartTimestamp)
                    IPsSrcPktsCount++;
            }
            float interval_pkt_rate = (float) IPsSrcPktsCount * 1000000 / interval.count(); // used 10^6 because interval in microseconds
                i->second.interval_pkt_rate.push_back(interval_pkt_rate);
                if(interval_pkt_rate > i->second.max_interval_pkt_rate || i->second.max_interval_pkt_rate == 0)
                    i->second.max_interval_pkt_rate = interval_pkt_rate;
                if(interval_pkt_rate < i->second.min_interval_pkt_rate || i->second.min_interval_pkt_rate == 0)
                    i->second.min_interval_pkt_rate = interval_pkt_rate;
        }
}

/**
 * Calculates the entropies for the count of integer values.
 * @param current map containing the values with counts
 * @param an old map containing the values with counts (from last iteration)
 * @return a vector containing the calculated entropies: entropy of all updated values, entropy of all novel values, normalized entropy of all, normalized entropy of novel
 */
std::vector<double> statistics::calculateEntropies(std::unordered_map<int, int> &map, std::unordered_map<int, int> &old) {
    std::vector<double> counts;
    int count_total = 0;
    double entropy = 0.0;

    std::vector<double> novel_counts;
    int novel_count_total = 0;
    double novel_entropy = 0.0;

    // iterate over all values
    for (auto iter: map) {
        if (old.count(iter.first) == 0) {
            // count novel values
            double novel_count = static_cast<double>(iter.second);
            counts.push_back(novel_count);
            count_total += novel_count;
            novel_counts.push_back(novel_count);
            novel_count_total += novel_count;
        } else if (iter.second != old[iter.first]) {
            // count all increased values
            double count = static_cast<double>(iter.second-old[iter.first]);
            if (count != 0.0) {
                counts.push_back(count);
                count_total += count;
            }
        }
    }

    // calculate entropy
    for (auto count: counts) {
        double prob = count / static_cast<double>(count_total);
        entropy += -1 * prob * log2(prob);
    }

    // calculate novelty entropy
    for (auto novel_count: novel_counts) {
        double novel_prob = novel_count / static_cast<double>(novel_count_total);
        novel_entropy += -1 * novel_prob * log2(novel_prob);
    }

    double norm_entropy = 0;
    if (counts.size() > 0 && log2(counts.size()) > 0) {
        norm_entropy = entropy / log2(counts.size());
    }
    double norm_novel_entropy = 0;
    if (novel_counts.size() > 0 && log2(novel_counts.size()) > 0) {
        norm_novel_entropy = novel_entropy / log2(novel_counts.size());
    }

    return {entropy, novel_entropy, norm_entropy, norm_novel_entropy};
}

/**
 * Registers statistical data for a time interval.
 * @param intervalStartTimestamp The timstamp where the interval starts.
 * @param intervalEndTimestamp The timstamp where the interval ends.
 * @param previousPacketCount The total number of packets in last interval.
 */
void statistics::addIntervalStat(std::chrono::duration<int, std::micro> interval, std::chrono::microseconds intervalStartTimestamp, std::chrono::microseconds intervalEndTimestamp){
    // Add packet rate for each IP to ip_statistics map
    calculateIPIntervalPacketRate(interval, intervalStartTimestamp);
    
    std::vector<double> ipEntopies = calculateLastIntervalIPsEntropy(intervalStartTimestamp);
    std::vector<double> ipCumEntopies = calculateIPsCumEntropy();
    std::string lastPktTimestamp_s = std::to_string(intervalEndTimestamp.count());
    std::string  intervalStartTimestamp_s = std::to_string(intervalStartTimestamp.count());

    // The intervalStartTimestamp_s is the previous interval lastPktTimestamp_s
    // TODO: check with carlos if first and last packet timestamps are alright
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].start = std::to_string(intervalStartTimestamp.count());
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].end = std::to_string(intervalEndTimestamp.count());
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].pkts_count = packetCount - intervalCumPktCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].pkt_rate = static_cast<float>(interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].pkts_count) / (static_cast<double>(interval.count()) / 1000000);
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].kbytes = static_cast<float>(sumPacketSize - intervalCumSumPktSize) / 1024;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].kbyte_rate = interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].kbytes / (static_cast<double>(interval.count()) / 1000000);

    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].payload_count = payloadCount - intervalPayloadCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].incorrect_tcp_checksum_count = incorrectTCPChecksumCount - intervalIncorrectTCPChecksumCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].correct_tcp_checksum_count = correctTCPChecksumCount - intervalCorrectTCPChecksumCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].novel_ip_src_count = this->ip_src_novel_count;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].novel_ip_dst_count = this->ip_dst_novel_count;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].novel_ttl_count = static_cast<int>(ttl_values.size()) - intervalCumNovelTTLCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].novel_win_size_count = static_cast<int>(win_values.size()) - intervalCumNovelWinSizeCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].novel_tos_count = static_cast<int>(tos_values.size()) - intervalCumNovelToSCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].novel_mss_count = static_cast<int>(mss_values.size()) - intervalCumNovelMSSCount;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].novel_port_count = static_cast<int>(port_values.size()) - intervalCumNovelPortCount;

    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].ttl_entropies = calculateEntropies(ttl_values, intervalCumTTLValues);
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].win_size_entropies = calculateEntropies(win_values, intervalCumWinSizeValues);
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].tos_entropies = calculateEntropies(tos_values, intervalCumTosValues);
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].mss_entropies = calculateEntropies(mss_values, intervalCumMSSValues);
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].port_entropies = calculateEntropies(port_values, intervalCumPortValues);

    intervalPayloadCount = payloadCount;
    intervalIncorrectTCPChecksumCount = incorrectTCPChecksumCount;
    intervalCorrectTCPChecksumCount = correctTCPChecksumCount;
    intervalCumPktCount = packetCount;
    intervalCumSumPktSize = sumPacketSize;
    intervalCumNovelIPCount = static_cast<int>(ip_statistics.size());
    intervalCumNovelTTLCount = static_cast<int>(ttl_values.size());
    intervalCumNovelWinSizeCount = static_cast<int>(win_values.size());
    intervalCumNovelToSCount =static_cast<int>(tos_values.size());
    intervalCumNovelMSSCount = static_cast<int>(mss_values.size());
    intervalCumNovelPortCount = static_cast<int>(port_values.size());
    intervalCumIPStats = ip_statistics;
    intervalCumTTLValues = ttl_values;
    intervalCumWinSizeValues = win_values;
    intervalCumTosValues = tos_values;
    intervalCumMSSValues = mss_values;
    intervalCumPortValues = port_values;

    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].ip_entropies = ipEntopies;
    interval_statistics[lastPktTimestamp_s].ip_cum_entropies = ipCumEntopies;
}

/**
 * Registers statistical data for a sent packet in a given conversation (two IPs, two ports). 
 * Increments the counter packets_A_B or packets_B_A.
 * Adds the timestamp of the packet in pkts_A_B_timestamp or pkts_B_A_timestamp.
 * @param ipAddressSender The sender IP address.
 * @param sport The source port.
 * @param ipAddressReceiver The receiver IP address.
 * @param dport The destination port.
 * @param timestamp The timestamp of the packet.
 */
void statistics::addConvStat(const std::string &ipAddressSender,int sport,const std::string &ipAddressReceiver,int dport, std::chrono::microseconds timestamp, small_uint<12> flags){

    conv f1 = {ipAddressReceiver, dport, ipAddressSender, sport};
    conv f2 = {ipAddressSender, sport, ipAddressReceiver, dport};

    // if already exist A(ipAddressReceiver, dport), B(ipAddressSender, sport) conversation
    if (conv_statistics.count(f1)>0){
        conv_statistics[f1].pkts_count++;
        if(conv_statistics[f1].pkts_count<=3)
            conv_statistics[f1].interarrival_time.push_back(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds> (timestamp - conv_statistics[f1].pkts_timestamp.back()));
        conv_statistics[f1].pkts_timestamp.push_back(timestamp);
        conv_statistics[f1].tcp_types.push_back(flags);
    }
    // Add new conversation A(ipAddressSender, sport), B(ipAddressReceiver, dport)
    else{
        conv_statistics[f2].pkts_count++;
        if(conv_statistics[f2].pkts_timestamp.size()>0 && conv_statistics[f2].pkts_count<=3 )
            conv_statistics[f2].interarrival_time.push_back(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds> (timestamp - conv_statistics[f2].pkts_timestamp.back()));
        conv_statistics[f2].pkts_timestamp.push_back(timestamp);
        conv_statistics[f2].tcp_types.push_back(flags);
    }
}

/**
 * Registers statistical data for a sent packet in a given extended conversation (two IPs, two ports, protocol). 
 * Increments the counter packets_A_B or packets_B_A.
 * Adds the timestamp of the packet in pkts_A_B_timestamp or pkts_B_A_timestamp.
 * Updates all other statistics of conv_statistics_extended
 * @param ipAddressSender The sender IP address.
 * @param sport The source port.
 * @param ipAddressReceiver The receiver IP address.
 * @param dport The destination port.
 * @param protocol The used protocol.
 * @param timestamp The timestamp of the packet.
 */
void statistics::addConvStatExt(const std::string &ipAddressSender,int sport,const std::string &ipAddressReceiver,int dport,const std::string &protocol, std::chrono::microseconds timestamp){
    if(this->getDoExtraTests()) {
        convWithProt f1 = {ipAddressReceiver, dport, ipAddressSender, sport, protocol};
        convWithProt f2 = {ipAddressSender, sport, ipAddressReceiver, dport, protocol};
        convWithProt f;

        // if there already exists a communication interval for the specified conversation
        if (conv_statistics_extended.count(f1) > 0 || conv_statistics_extended.count(f2) > 0){

            // find out which direction of conversation is contained in conv_statistics_extended
            if (conv_statistics_extended.count(f1) > 0)
                f = f1;
            else
                f = f2;

            // increase pkts count and check on delay
            conv_statistics_extended[f].pkts_count++;
            if (conv_statistics_extended[f].pkts_timestamp.size()>0 && conv_statistics_extended[f].pkts_count<=3)
                conv_statistics_extended[f].interarrival_time.push_back(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds> (timestamp - conv_statistics_extended[f].pkts_timestamp.back()));
            conv_statistics_extended[f].pkts_timestamp.push_back(timestamp);

            // if the time difference has exceeded the threshold, create a new interval with this message
            if (timestamp - conv_statistics_extended[f].comm_intervals.back().end > (std::chrono::microseconds) ((unsigned long) COMM_INTERVAL_THRESHOLD)) {  // > or >= ?
                commInterval new_interval = {timestamp, timestamp, 1};
                conv_statistics_extended[f].comm_intervals.push_back(new_interval);
            }
            // otherwise, set the time of the last interval message to the current timestamp and increase interval packet count by 1
            else{
                conv_statistics_extended[f].comm_intervals.back().end = timestamp;
                conv_statistics_extended[f].comm_intervals.back().pkts_count++;
            }
        }
        // if there does not exist a communication interval for the specified conversation
        else{
            // add initial interval entry for this conversation
            commInterval initial_interval = {timestamp, timestamp, 1};

            entry_convStatExt entry;
            entry.comm_intervals.push_back(initial_interval);
            entry.pkts_count = 1;
            entry.pkts_timestamp.push_back(timestamp);
            conv_statistics_extended[f2] = entry;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Aggregate the collected information about all communication intervals within conv_statistics_extended of every conversation.
 * Do this by computing the average packet rate per interval and the average time between intervals.
 * Also compute average interval duration and total communication duration (i.e. last_msg.time - first_msg.time)
 */
void statistics::createCommIntervalStats(){
    // iterate over all <convWithProt, entry_convStatExt> pairs
    for (auto &cur_elem : conv_statistics_extended) {
        entry_convStatExt &entry = cur_elem.second;
        std::vector<commInterval> &intervals = entry.comm_intervals;

        // if there is only one interval, the time between intervals cannot be computed and is therefore set to 0
        if (intervals.size() == 1){
            double interval_duration = (double) (intervals[0].end - intervals[0].start).count() / (double) 1e6;
            entry.avg_int_pkts_count = (double) intervals[0].pkts_count;
            entry.avg_time_between_ints = (double) 0;
            entry.avg_interval_time = interval_duration;
        }
        // If there is more than one interval, compute the specified averages
        else if (intervals.size() > 1){
            long summed_pkts_count = intervals[0].pkts_count;
            std::chrono::microseconds time_between_ints_sum = (std::chrono::microseconds) 0;
            std::chrono::microseconds summed_int_duration = intervals[0].end - intervals[0].start;

            for (std::size_t i = 1; i < intervals.size(); i++) {
                summed_pkts_count += intervals[i].pkts_count;
                summed_int_duration += intervals[i].end - intervals[i].start;
                time_between_ints_sum += intervals[i].start - intervals[i - 1].end;
            }

            entry.avg_int_pkts_count = summed_pkts_count / ((double) intervals.size());
            entry.avg_time_between_ints = (time_between_ints_sum.count() / (double) (intervals.size() - 1)) / (double) 1e6;
            entry.avg_interval_time = (summed_int_duration.count() / (double) intervals.size()) / (double) 1e6;

        }
        entry.total_comm_duration = (double) (entry.pkts_timestamp.back() - entry.pkts_timestamp.front()).count() / (double) 1e6;
    }
}

/**
 * Increments the packet counter for the given IP address and MSS value.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose MSS packet counter should be incremented.
 * @param mssValue The MSS value of the packet.
 */
void statistics::incrementMSScount(const std::string &ipAddress, int mssValue) {
    mss_values[mssValue]++;
    mss_distribution[{ipAddress, mssValue}]++;
}

/**
 * Increments the packet counter for the given IP address and window size.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose window size packet counter should be incremented.
 * @param winSize The window size of the packet.
 */
void statistics::incrementWinCount(const std::string &ipAddress, int winSize) {
    win_values[winSize]++;
    win_distribution[{ipAddress, winSize}]++;
}

/**
 * Increments the packet counter for the given IP address and TTL value.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose TTL packet counter should be incremented.
 * @param ttlValue The TTL value of the packet.
 */
void statistics::incrementTTLcount(const std::string &ipAddress, int ttlValue) {
    ttl_values[ttlValue]++;
    ttl_distribution[{ipAddress, ttlValue}]++;
}

/**
 * Increments the packet counter for the given IP address and ToS value.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose ToS packet counter should be incremented.
 * @param tosValue The ToS value of the packet.
 */
void statistics::incrementToScount(const std::string &ipAddress, int tosValue) {
    tos_values[tosValue]++;
    tos_distribution[{ipAddress, tosValue}]++;
}

/**
 * Increments the protocol counter for the given IP address and protocol.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose protocol packet counter should be incremented.
 * @param protocol The protocol of the packet.
 */
void statistics::incrementProtocolCount(const std::string &ipAddress, const std::string &protocol) {
    protocol_distribution[{ipAddress, protocol}].count++;
}

/**
 * Returns the number of packets seen for the given IP address and protocol.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose packet count is wanted.
 * @param protocol The protocol whose packet count is wanted.
 */
int statistics::getProtocolCount(const std::string &ipAddress, const std::string &protocol) {
    return protocol_distribution[{ipAddress, protocol}].count;
}

/**
 * Increases the byte counter for the given IP address and protocol.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose protocol byte counter should be increased.
 * @param protocol The protocol of the packet.
 * @param byteSent The packet's size.
 */
void statistics::increaseProtocolByteCount(const std::string &ipAddress, const std::string &protocol, long bytesSent) {
    protocol_distribution[{ipAddress, protocol}].byteCount += bytesSent;
}

/**
 * Returns the number of bytes seen for the given IP address and protocol.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose byte count is wanted.
 * @param protocol The protocol whose byte count is wanted.
 * @return a float: The number of bytes
 */
float statistics::getProtocolByteCount(const std::string &ipAddress, const std::string &protocol) {
    return protocol_distribution[{ipAddress, protocol}].byteCount;
}

/**
 * Increments the packet counter for
 * - the given sender IP address with outgoing port and
 * - the given receiver IP address with incoming port.
 * @param ipAddressSender The IP address of the packet sender.
 * @param outgoingPort The port used by the sender.
 * @param ipAddressReceiver The IP address of the packet receiver.
 * @param incomingPort The port used by the receiver.
 */
void statistics::incrementPortCount(const std::string &ipAddressSender, int outgoingPort, const std::string &ipAddressReceiver,
                                    int incomingPort, const std::string &protocol) {
    port_values[outgoingPort]++;
    port_values[incomingPort]++;
    ip_ports[{ipAddressSender, "out", outgoingPort, protocol}].count++;
    ip_ports[{ipAddressReceiver, "in", incomingPort, protocol}].count++;
}

/**
 * Increases the packet byte counter for
 * - the given sender IP address with outgoing port and
 * - the given receiver IP address with incoming port.
 * @param ipAddressSender The IP address of the packet sender.
 * @param outgoingPort The port used by the sender.
 * @param ipAddressReceiver The IP address of the packet receiver.
 * @param incomingPort The port used by the receiver.
 * @param byteSent The packet's size.
 */
void statistics::increasePortByteCount(const std::string &ipAddressSender, int outgoingPort, const std::string &ipAddressReceiver,
                                       int incomingPort, long bytesSent, const std::string &protocol) {
    ip_ports[{ipAddressSender, "out", outgoingPort, protocol}].byteCount += bytesSent;
    ip_ports[{ipAddressReceiver, "in", incomingPort, protocol}].byteCount += bytesSent;
}

/**
 * Increments the packet counter for
 * - the given sender MAC address and
 * - the given receiver MAC address.
 * @param srcMac The MAC address of the packet sender.
 * @param dstMac The MAC address of the packet receiver.
 * @param typeNumber The payload type number of the packet.
 */
void statistics::incrementUnrecognizedPDUCount(const std::string &srcMac, const std::string &dstMac, uint32_t typeNumber,
                                               const std::string &timestamp) {
    unrecognized_PDUs[{srcMac, dstMac, typeNumber}].count++;
    unrecognized_PDUs[{srcMac, dstMac, typeNumber}].timestamp_last_occurrence = timestamp;
}

/**
 * Creates a new statistics object.
 */
statistics::statistics(std::string resourcePath) {;
    this->resourcePath = resourcePath;
}

/**
 * Stores the assignment IP address -> MAC address.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address belonging to the given MAC address.
 * @param macAddress The MAC address belonging to the given IP address.
 */
void statistics::assignMacAddress(const std::string &ipAddress, const std::string &macAddress) {
    ip_mac_mapping[ipAddress] = macAddress;
}

/**
 * Registers statistical data for a sent packet. Increments the counter packets_sent for the sender and
 * packets_received for the receiver. Adds the bytes as kbytes_sent (sender) and kybtes_received (receiver).
 * @param ipAddressSender The IP address of the packet sender.
 * @param ipAddressReceiver The IP address of the packet receiver.
 * @param bytesSent The packet's size.
 */
void statistics::addIpStat_packetSent(const std::string &ipAddressSender, const std::string &ipAddressReceiver, long bytesSent, std::chrono::microseconds timestamp) {

    // Adding IP as a sender for first time
    if(ip_statistics[ipAddressSender].pkts_sent==0){  
        // Add the IP class
        ip_statistics[ipAddressSender].ip_class = getIPv4Class(ipAddressSender);
    }
    
    // Adding IP as a receiver for first time
    if(ip_statistics[ipAddressReceiver].pkts_received==0){
        // Add the IP class
        ip_statistics[ipAddressReceiver].ip_class = getIPv4Class(ipAddressReceiver);
    }

    // Update stats for packet sender
    ip_statistics[ipAddressSender].kbytes_sent += (float(bytesSent) / 1024);
    ip_statistics[ipAddressSender].pkts_sent++;
    ip_statistics[ipAddressSender].pkts_sent_timestamp.push_back(timestamp);
                
    // Update stats for packet receiver
    ip_statistics[ipAddressReceiver].kbytes_received += (float(bytesSent) / 1024);
    ip_statistics[ipAddressReceiver].pkts_received++;
    ip_statistics[ipAddressReceiver].pkts_received_timestamp.push_back(timestamp);

    if(this->getDoExtraTests()) {
        // Increment Degrees for sender and receiver, if Sender sends its first packet to this receiver
        std::unordered_set<std::string>::const_iterator found_receiver = contacted_ips[ipAddressSender].find(ipAddressReceiver);
        if(found_receiver == contacted_ips[ipAddressSender].end()){
            // Receiver is NOT contained in the List of IPs, that the Sender has contacted, therefore this is the first packet in this direction
            ip_statistics[ipAddressSender].out_degree++;
            ip_statistics[ipAddressReceiver].in_degree++;

            // Increment overall_degree only if this is the first packet for the connection (both directions)
            // Therefore check, whether Receiver has contacted Sender before
            std::unordered_set<std::string>::const_iterator sender_contacted = contacted_ips[ipAddressReceiver].find(ipAddressSender);
            if(sender_contacted == contacted_ips[ipAddressReceiver].end()){
                ip_statistics[ipAddressSender].overall_degree++;
                ip_statistics[ipAddressReceiver].overall_degree++;
            }

            contacted_ips[ipAddressSender].insert(ipAddressReceiver);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Setter for the timestamp_firstPacket field.
 * @param ts The timestamp of the first packet in the PCAP file.
 */
void statistics::setTimestampFirstPacket(Tins::Timestamp ts) {
    timestamp_firstPacket = ts;
}

/**
 * Setter for the timestamp_lastPacket field.
 * @param ts The timestamp of the last packet in the PCAP file.
 */
void statistics::setTimestampLastPacket(Tins::Timestamp ts) {
    timestamp_lastPacket = ts;
}

/**
 * Getter for the timestamp_firstPacket field.
 */
Tins::Timestamp statistics::getTimestampFirstPacket() {
    return timestamp_firstPacket;
}

/**
 * Getter for the timestamp_lastPacket field.
 */
Tins::Timestamp statistics::getTimestampLastPacket() {
    return timestamp_lastPacket;
}

/**
 * Getter for the packetCount field.
 */
int statistics::getPacketCount() {
    return packetCount;
}

/**
 * Getter for the sumPacketSize field.
 */
int statistics::getSumPacketSize() {
    return sumPacketSize;
}


/**
 * Returns the average packet size.
 * @return a float indicating the average packet size in kbytes.
 */
float statistics::getAvgPacketSize() const {
    // AvgPktSize = (Sum of all packet sizes / #Packets)
    return (sumPacketSize / packetCount) / 1024;
}

/**
 * Adds the size of a packet (to be used to calculate the avg. packet size).
 * @param packetSize The size of the current packet in bytes.
 */
void statistics::addPacketSize(uint32_t packetSize) {
    sumPacketSize += ((float) packetSize);
}

/**
 * Setter for the doExtraTests field.
 */
void statistics::setDoExtraTests(bool var) {
    doExtraTests = var;
}

/**
 * Getter for the doExtraTests field.
 */
bool statistics::getDoExtraTests() {
    return doExtraTests;
}


/**
 * Calculates the capture duration.
 * @return a formatted string HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm with
 * HH: hour, MM: minute, SS: second, mmmmmm: microseconds
 */
std::string statistics::getCaptureDurationTimestamp() const {
    // Calculate duration
    timeval fp, lp, d;
    fp.tv_sec = timestamp_firstPacket.seconds();
    fp.tv_usec = timestamp_firstPacket.microseconds();
    lp.tv_sec = timestamp_lastPacket.seconds();
    lp.tv_usec = timestamp_lastPacket.microseconds();
    timersub(&lp, &fp, &d);
    long int hour = d.tv_sec / 3600;
    long int remainder = (d.tv_sec - hour * 3600);
    long int minute = remainder / 60;
    long int second = (remainder - minute * 60) % 60;
    long int microseconds = d.tv_usec;
    // Build desired output format: YYYY-mm-dd hh:mm:ss
    char out[64];
    sprintf(out, "%02ld:%02ld:%02ld.%06ld ", hour, minute, second, microseconds);
    return std::string(out);
}

/**
 * Calculates the capture duration.
 * @return a formatted string SS.mmmmmm with
 * S: seconds (UNIX time), mmmmmm: microseconds
 */
float statistics::getCaptureDurationSeconds() const {
    timeval fp, lp, d;
    fp.tv_sec = timestamp_firstPacket.seconds();
    fp.tv_usec = timestamp_firstPacket.microseconds();
    lp.tv_sec = timestamp_lastPacket.seconds();
    lp.tv_usec = timestamp_lastPacket.microseconds();
    timersub(&lp, &fp, &d);
    char buf[64];
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u.%06u", static_cast<uint>(d.tv_sec), static_cast<uint>(d.tv_usec));
    return std::stof(std::string(buf));
}

/**
 * Creates a timestamp based on a time_t seconds (UNIX time format) and microseconds.
 * @param seconds
 * @param microseconds
 * @return a formatted string Y-m-d H:M:S.m with
 * Y: year, m: month, d: day, H: hour, M: minute, S: second, m: microseconds
 */
std::string statistics::getFormattedTimestamp(time_t seconds, suseconds_t microseconds) const {
    timeval tv;
    tv.tv_sec = seconds;
    tv.tv_usec = microseconds;
    char tmbuf[20], buf[64];
    auto nowtm = gmtime(&(tv.tv_sec));
    strftime(tmbuf, sizeof(tmbuf), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", nowtm);
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.%06u", tmbuf, static_cast<uint>(tv.tv_usec));
    return std::string(buf);
}

/**
 * Calculates the statistics for a given IP address.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose statistics should be calculated.
 * @return a ip_stats struct containing statistical data derived by the statistical data collected.
 */
ip_stats statistics::getStatsForIP(const std::string &ipAddress) {
    float duration = getCaptureDurationSeconds();
    entry_ipStat ipStatEntry = ip_statistics[ipAddress];

    ip_stats s;
    s.bandwidthKBitsIn = (ipStatEntry.kbytes_received / duration) * 8;
    s.bandwidthKBitsOut = (ipStatEntry.kbytes_sent / duration) * 8;
    s.packetPerSecondIn = (ipStatEntry.pkts_received / duration);
    s.packetPerSecondOut = (ipStatEntry.pkts_sent / duration);
    s.AvgPacketSizeSent = (ipStatEntry.kbytes_sent / ipStatEntry.pkts_sent);
    s.AvgPacketSizeRecv = (ipStatEntry.kbytes_received / ipStatEntry.pkts_received);
    return s;
}

int statistics::getDefaultInterval() {
    return this->default_interval;
}

void statistics::setDefaultInterval(int interval) {
    this->default_interval = interval;
}

/**
 * Increments the packet counter.
 */
void statistics::incrementPacketCount() {
    packetCount++;
}

/**
 * Prints the statistics of the PCAP and IP specific statistics for the given IP address.
 * @param ipAddress The IP address whose statistics should be printed. Can be empty "" to print only general file statistics.
 */
void statistics::printStats(const std::string &ipAddress) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << std::endl;
    ss << "Capture duration: " << getCaptureDurationSeconds() << " seconds" << std::endl;
    ss << "Capture duration (HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm): " << getCaptureDurationTimestamp() << std::endl;
    ss << "#Packets: " << packetCount << std::endl;
    ss << std::endl;

    // Print IP address specific statistics only if IP address was given
    if (ipAddress != "") {
        entry_ipStat e = ip_statistics[ipAddress];
        ss << "\n----- STATS FOR IP ADDRESS [" << ipAddress << "] -------" << std::endl;
        ss << std::endl << "KBytes sent: " << e.kbytes_sent << std::endl;
        ss << "KBytes received: " << e.kbytes_received << std::endl;
        ss << "Packets sent: " << e.pkts_sent << std::endl;
        ss << "Packets received: " << e.pkts_received << "\n\n";

        ip_stats is = getStatsForIP(ipAddress);
        ss << "Bandwidth IN: " << is.bandwidthKBitsIn << " kbit/s" << std::endl;
        ss << "Bandwidth OUT: " << is.bandwidthKBitsOut << " kbit/s" << std::endl;
        ss << "Packets per second IN: " << is.packetPerSecondIn << std::endl;
        ss << "Packets per second OUT: " << is.packetPerSecondOut << std::endl;
        ss << "Avg Packet Size Sent: " << is.AvgPacketSizeSent << " kbytes" << std::endl;
        ss << "Avg Packet Size Received: " << is.AvgPacketSizeRecv << " kbytes" << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << ss.str();
}

/**
 * Derives general PCAP file statistics from the collected statistical data and
 * writes all data into a SQLite database, located at database_path.
 * @param database_path The path of the SQLite database file ending with .sqlite3.
 */
void statistics::writeToDatabase(std::string database_path, std::vector<std::chrono::duration<int, std::micro>> timeIntervals, bool del) {
    // Generate general file statistics
    float duration = getCaptureDurationSeconds();
    long sumPacketsSent = 0, senderCountIP = 0;
    float sumBandwidthIn = 0.0, sumBandwidthOut = 0.0;
    for (auto i = ip_statistics.begin(); i != ip_statistics.end(); i++) {
        sumPacketsSent += i->second.pkts_sent;
        // Consumed bandwith (bytes) for sending packets
        sumBandwidthIn += (i->second.kbytes_received / duration);
        sumBandwidthOut += (i->second.kbytes_sent / duration);
        senderCountIP++;
    }

    float avgPacketRate = (packetCount / duration);
    long avgPacketSize = getAvgPacketSize();
    if(senderCountIP>0) {
        long avgPacketsSentPerHost = (sumPacketsSent / senderCountIP);
        float avgBandwidthInKBits = (sumBandwidthIn / senderCountIP) * 8;
        float avgBandwidthOutInKBits = (sumBandwidthOut / senderCountIP) * 8;

        // Create database and write information
        statistics_db db(database_path, resourcePath);
        db.writeStatisticsFile(packetCount, getCaptureDurationSeconds(),
                               getFormattedTimestamp(timestamp_firstPacket.seconds(), timestamp_firstPacket.microseconds()),
                               getFormattedTimestamp(timestamp_lastPacket.seconds(), timestamp_lastPacket.microseconds()),
                               avgPacketRate, avgPacketSize, avgPacketsSentPerHost, avgBandwidthInKBits,
                               avgBandwidthOutInKBits, doExtraTests);
        db.writeStatisticsIP(ip_statistics);
        db.writeStatisticsTTL(ttl_distribution);
        db.writeStatisticsIpMac(ip_mac_mapping);
        db.writeStatisticsDegree(ip_statistics);
        db.writeStatisticsPorts(ip_ports);
        db.writeStatisticsProtocols(protocol_distribution);
        db.writeStatisticsMSS(mss_distribution);
        db.writeStatisticsToS(tos_distribution);
        db.writeStatisticsWin(win_distribution);
        db.writeStatisticsConv(conv_statistics);
        db.writeStatisticsConvExt(conv_statistics_extended);
        db.writeStatisticsInterval(interval_statistics, timeIntervals, del, this->default_interval, this->getDoExtraTests());
        db.writeDbVersion();
        db.writeStatisticsUnrecognizedPDUs(unrecognized_PDUs);
    }
    else {
        // Tinslib failed to recognize the types of the packets in the input PCAP
        std::cerr<<"ERROR: Statistics could not be collected from the input PCAP!"<<"\n";
        return;
    }
}

void statistics::writeIntervalsToDatabase(std::string database_path, std::vector<std::chrono::duration<int, std::micro>> timeIntervals, bool del) {
    statistics_db db(database_path, resourcePath);
    db.writeStatisticsInterval(interval_statistics, timeIntervals, del, this->default_interval, this->getDoExtraTests());
}