import os import sys from collections import deque from datetime import datetime from random import randint, randrange, choice, uniform import ID2TLib.Botnet.libbotnetcomm as lb from lea import Lea from scapy.layers.inet import IP, IPOption_Security import ID2TLib.Botnet.Message as Bmsg import ID2TLib.Utility as Util from Attack import BaseAttack from Attack.AttackParameters import Parameter as Param from Attack.AttackParameters import ParameterTypes from ID2TLib import Generator from ID2TLib.Botnet.CommunicationProcessor import CommunicationProcessor from ID2TLib.Botnet.MessageMapping import MessageMapping from ID2TLib.PcapAddressOperations import PcapAddressOperations from ID2TLib.Ports import PortSelectors class MembersMgmtCommAttack(BaseAttack.BaseAttack): def __init__(self): """ Creates a new instance of the Membership Management Communication. """ # Initialize communication super(MembersMgmtCommAttack, self).__init__( "Membership Management Communication Attack (MembersMgmtCommAttack)", "Injects Membership Management Communication", "Botnet communication") # Define allowed parameters and their type self.supported_params = { # parameters regarding attack Param.INJECT_AT_TIMESTAMP: ParameterTypes.TYPE_FLOAT, Param.INJECT_AFTER_PACKET: ParameterTypes.TYPE_PACKET_POSITION, Param.PACKETS_LIMIT: ParameterTypes.TYPE_INTEGER_POSITIVE, Param.ATTACK_DURATION: ParameterTypes.TYPE_INTEGER_POSITIVE, # use num_attackers to specify number of communicating devices? Param.NUMBER_INITIATOR_BOTS: ParameterTypes.TYPE_INTEGER_POSITIVE, # input file containing botnet communication Param.FILE_CSV: ParameterTypes.TYPE_FILEPATH, Param.FILE_XML: ParameterTypes.TYPE_FILEPATH, # the percentage of IP reuse (if total and other is specified, percentages are multiplied) Param.IP_REUSE_TOTAL: ParameterTypes.TYPE_PERCENTAGE, Param.IP_REUSE_LOCAL: ParameterTypes.TYPE_PERCENTAGE, Param.IP_REUSE_EXTERNAL: ParameterTypes.TYPE_PERCENTAGE, # the user-selected padding to add to every packet Param.PACKET_PADDING: ParameterTypes.TYPE_PADDING, # presence of NAT at the gateway of the network Param.NAT_PRESENT: ParameterTypes.TYPE_BOOLEAN, # whether the TTL distribution should be based on the input PCAP # or the CAIDA dataset Param.TTL_FROM_CAIDA: ParameterTypes.TYPE_BOOLEAN, # whether the destination port of a response should be the ephemeral port # its request came from or a static (server)port based on a hostname Param.MULTIPORT: ParameterTypes.TYPE_BOOLEAN, # information about the interval selection strategy Param.INTERVAL_SELECT_STRATEGY: ParameterTypes.TYPE_INTERVAL_SELECT_STRAT, Param.INTERVAL_SELECT_START: ParameterTypes.TYPE_INTEGER_POSITIVE, Param.INTERVAL_SELECT_END: ParameterTypes.TYPE_INTEGER_POSITIVE, # determines whether injected packets are marked with an unused IP option # to easily filter them in e.g. wireshark Param.HIDDEN_MARK: ParameterTypes.TYPE_BOOLEAN } # create dict with MessageType values for fast name lookup self.msg_types = {} for msg_type in Bmsg.MessageType: self.msg_types[msg_type.value] = msg_type self.DEFAULT_XML_PATH = None def init_params(self): """ Initialize some parameters of this communication-attack using the user supplied command line parameters. The remaining parameters are implicitly set in the provided data file. Note: the timestamps in the file have to be sorted in ascending order """ # set class constants self.DEFAULT_XML_PATH = Util.RESOURCE_DIR + "Botnet/MembersMgmtComm_example.xml" # PARAMETERS: initialize with default values # (values are overwritten if user specifies them) self.add_param_value(Param.INJECT_AFTER_PACKET, 1 + randint(0, self.statistics.get_packet_count() // 5)) self.add_param_value(Param.FILE_XML, self.DEFAULT_XML_PATH) # Alternatively new attack parameter? duration = int(float(self.statistics.get_capture_duration())) self.add_param_value(Param.ATTACK_DURATION, duration) self.add_param_value(Param.NUMBER_INITIATOR_BOTS, 1) # NAT on by default self.add_param_value(Param.NAT_PRESENT, True) # TODO: change 1 to something better self.add_param_value(Param.IP_REUSE_TOTAL, 1) self.add_param_value(Param.IP_REUSE_LOCAL, 0.5) self.add_param_value(Param.IP_REUSE_EXTERNAL, 0.5) # add default additional padding self.add_param_value(Param.PACKET_PADDING, 20) # choose the input PCAP as default base for the TTL distribution self.add_param_value(Param.TTL_FROM_CAIDA, False) # do not use multiple ports for requests and responses self.add_param_value(Param.MULTIPORT, False) # interval selection strategy self.add_param_value(Param.INTERVAL_SELECT_STRATEGY, "optimal") self.add_param_value(Param.HIDDEN_MARK, False) def generate_attack_pcap(self): """ Injects the packets of this attack into a PCAP and stores it as a temporary file. :return: a tuple of the number packets injected, the path to the temporary attack PCAP and a list of additionally created files """ # create the final messages that have to be sent, including all bot configurations messages = self._create_messages() if not messages: return 0, None # Setup (initial) parameters for packet creation loop buffer_size = 1000 pkt_gen = Generator.PacketGenerator() padding = self.get_param_value(Param.PACKET_PADDING) packets = deque(maxlen=buffer_size) total_pkts = 0 limit_packetcount = self.get_param_value(Param.PACKETS_LIMIT) limit_duration = self.get_param_value(Param.ATTACK_DURATION) path_attack_pcap = None over_thousand = False msg_packet_mapping = MessageMapping(messages, self.statistics.get_pcap_timestamp_start()) mark_packets = self.get_param_value(Param.HIDDEN_MARK) # create packets to write to PCAP file for msg in messages: # retrieve the source and destination configurations ip_src, ip_dst = msg.src["IP"], msg.dst["IP"] mac_src, mac_dst = msg.src["MAC"], msg.dst["MAC"] if msg.type.is_request(): port_src, port_dst = int(msg.src["SrcPort"]), int(msg.dst["DstPort"]) else: port_src, port_dst = int(msg.src["DstPort"]), int(msg.dst["SrcPort"]) ttl = int(msg.src["TTL"]) # update duration duration = msg.time - messages[0].time # if total number of packets has been sent or the attack duration has been exceeded, stop if ((limit_packetcount is not None and total_pkts >= limit_packetcount) or (limit_duration is not None and duration >= limit_duration)): break # if the type of the message is a NL reply, determine the number of entries nl_size = 0 if msg.type == Bmsg.MessageType.SALITY_NL_REPLY: nl_size = randint(1, 25) # what is max NL entries? # create suitable IP/UDP packet and add to packets list packet = pkt_gen.generate_mmcom_packet(ip_src=ip_src, ip_dst=ip_dst, ttl=ttl, mac_src=mac_src, mac_dst=mac_dst, port_src=port_src, port_dst=port_dst, message_type=msg.type, neighborlist_entries=nl_size) Generator.add_padding(packet, padding, True, True) packet.time = msg.time if mark_packets and isinstance(packet.payload, IP): # do this only for ip-packets ip_data = packet.payload hidden_opt = IPOption_Security() hidden_opt.option = 2 # "normal" security opt hidden_opt.security = 16 # magic value indicating NSA ip_data.options = hidden_opt packets.append(packet) msg_packet_mapping.map_message(msg, packet) total_pkts += 1 # Store timestamp of first packet (for attack label) if total_pkts <= 1: self.attack_start_utime = packets[0].time elif total_pkts % buffer_size == 0: # every 1000 packets write them to the PCAP file (append) if over_thousand: # if over 1000 packets written, packet-length for the last few packets may differ packets = list(packets) Generator.equal_length(packets, length=max_len, padding=padding, force_len=True) last_packet = packets[-1] path_attack_pcap = self.write_attack_pcap(packets, True, path_attack_pcap) packets = deque(maxlen=buffer_size) else: packets = list(packets) Generator.equal_length(packets, padding=padding) last_packet = packets[-1] max_len = len(last_packet) over_thousand = True path_attack_pcap = self.write_attack_pcap(packets, True, path_attack_pcap) packets = deque(maxlen=buffer_size) # if there are unwritten packets remaining, write them to the PCAP file if len(packets) > 0: if over_thousand: packets = list(packets) Generator.equal_length(packets, length=max_len, padding=padding, force_len=True) path_attack_pcap = self.write_attack_pcap(packets, True, path_attack_pcap) last_packet = packets[-1] else: packets = list(packets) Generator.equal_length(packets, padding=padding) path_attack_pcap = self.write_attack_pcap(packets, True, path_attack_pcap) last_packet = packets[-1] # write the mapping to a file current_ts = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S") mapping_filename = "mapping_" + current_ts + ".xml" msg_packet_mapping.write_to_file(mapping_filename) # Store timestamp of last packet self.attack_end_utime = last_packet.time # Return packets sorted by packet by timestamp and total number of packets (sent) return total_pkts, path_attack_pcap, [mapping_filename] def generate_attack_packets(self): pass def _create_messages(self): """ Creates the messages that are to be injected into the PCAP. :return: the final messages as a list """ def add_ids_to_config(ids_to_add: list, existing_ips: list, new_ips: list, bot_configs: dict, idtype: str = "local", router_mac: str = ""): """ Creates IP and MAC configurations for the given IDs and adds them to the existing configurations object. :param ids_to_add: all sorted IDs that have to be configured and added :param existing_ips: the existing IPs in the PCAP file that should be assigned to some, or all, IDs :param new_ips: the newly generated IPs that should be assigned to some, or all, IDs :param bot_configs: the existing configurations for the bots :param idtype: the locality type of the IDs :param router_mac: the MAC address of the router in the PCAP """ ids = ids_to_add.copy() # macgen only needed, when IPs are new local IPs (therefore creating the object here suffices for the # current callers to not end up with the same MAC paired with different IPs) macgen = Generator.MacAddressGenerator() # assign existing IPs and the corresponding MAC addresses in the PCAP to the IDs for ip in existing_ips: random_id = choice(ids) mac = self.statistics.process_db_query("macAddress(IPAddress=%s)" % ip) bot_configs[random_id] = {"Type": idtype, "IP": ip, "MAC": mac} ids.remove(random_id) # assign new IPs and for local IPs new MACs or for external IPs the router MAC to the IDs for ip in new_ips: random_id = choice(ids) if idtype == "local": mac = macgen.random_mac() elif idtype == "external": mac = router_mac bot_configs[random_id] = {"Type": idtype, "IP": ip, "MAC": mac} ids.remove(random_id) def assign_realistic_ttls(bot_configs: dict): """ Assigns a realisitic ttl to each bot from @param: bot_configs. Uses statistics and distribution to be able to calculate a realisitc ttl. :param bot_configs: List that contains all bots that should be assigned with realistic ttls. """ ids = sorted(bot_configs.keys()) for pos, bot in enumerate(ids): bot_type = bot_configs[bot]["Type"] if bot_type == "local": # Set fix TTL for local Bots bot_configs[bot]["TTL"] = 128 # Set TTL based on TTL distribution of IP address else: # Set varying TTl for external Bots bot_ttl_dist = self.statistics.get_ttl_distribution(bot_configs[bot]["IP"]) if len(bot_ttl_dist) > 0: source_ttl_prob_dict = Lea.fromValFreqsDict(bot_ttl_dist) bot_configs[bot]["TTL"] = source_ttl_prob_dict.random() else: most_used_ttl = self.statistics.process_db_query("most_used(ttlValue)") if isinstance(most_used_ttl, list): bot_configs[bot]["TTL"] = choice(self.statistics.process_db_query("most_used(ttlValue)")) else: bot_configs[bot]["TTL"] = self.statistics.process_db_query("most_used(ttlValue)") def assign_realistic_timestamps(messages: list, external_ids: set, local_ids: set, avg_delay_local: list, avg_delay_external: list, zero_reference: float): """ Assigns realistic timestamps to a set of messages :param messages: the set of messages to be updated :param external_ids: the set of bot ids, that are outside the network, i.e. external :param local_ids: the set of bot ids, that are inside the network, i.e. local :param avg_delay_local: the avg_delay distribution between the dispatch and the reception of a packet between local computers :param avg_delay_external: the avg_delay distribution between the dispatch and the reception of a packet between a local and an external computer :param zero_reference: the timestamp which is regarded as the beginning of the pcap_file and therefore handled like a timestamp that resembles 0 """ updated_msgs = [] # Dict, takes a tuple of 2 Bot_IDs as a key (requester, responder), returns the time of the last response, # the requester received necessary in order to make sure, that additional requests are sent only after the # response to the last one was received last_response = {} for m in messages: # init last_response[(m.src, m.dst)] = -1 # update all timestamps for req_msg in messages: if req_msg in updated_msgs: # message already updated continue # if req_msg.timestamp would be before the timestamp of the response to the last request, req_msg needs # to be sent later (else branch) if last_response[(req_msg.src, req_msg.dst)] == -1 or last_response[(req_msg.src, req_msg.dst)] < ( zero_reference + req_msg.time - 0.05): # update req_msg timestamp with a variation of up to 50ms req_msg.time = zero_reference + req_msg.time + uniform(-0.05, 0.05) updated_msgs.append(req_msg) else: req_msg.time = last_response[(req_msg.src, req_msg.dst)] + 0.06 + uniform(-0.05, 0.05) # update response if necessary if req_msg.refer_msg_id != -1: respns_msg = messages[req_msg.refer_msg_id] # check for local or external communication and update response timestamp with the respective # avg delay if req_msg.src in external_ids or req_msg.dst in external_ids and avg_delay_external: # external communication external_dist = Lea.fromSeq(avg_delay_external) respns_msg.time = req_msg.time + float(external_dist.random()) * 0.001 else: # local communication local_dist = Lea.fromSeq(avg_delay_local) respns_msg.time = req_msg.time + float(local_dist.random()) * 0.001 updated_msgs.append(respns_msg) last_response[(req_msg.src, req_msg.dst)] = respns_msg.time def assign_ttls_from_caida(bot_configs): """ Assign realistic TTL values to bots with respect to their IP, based on the CAIDA dataset. If there exists an entry for a bot's IP, the TTL is chosen based on a distribution over all used TTLs by this IP. If there is no such entry, the TTL is chosen based on a distribution over all used TTLs and their respective frequency. :param bot_configs: the existing bot configurations """ def get_ip_ttl_distrib(): """ Parses the CSV file containing a mapping between IP and their used TTLs. :return: returns a dict with the IPs as keys and dicts for their TTL distribution as values """ ip_based_distrib = {} with open("resources/CaidaTTL_perIP.csv", "r") as file: # every line consists of: IP, TTL, Frequency next(file) # skip CSV header line for line in file: ip_addr, ttl, freq = line.split(",") if ip_addr not in ip_based_distrib: # the values for ip_based_distrib are dicts with key=TTL, value=Frequency ip_based_distrib[ip_addr] = {} ip_based_distrib[ip_addr][ttl] = int(freq) return ip_based_distrib def get_total_ttl_distrib(): """ Parses the CSV file containing an overview of all used TTLs and their respective frequency. :return: returns a dict with the TTLs as keys and their frequencies as keys """ total_ttl_distrib = {} with open("resources/CaidaTTL_total.csv", "r") as file: # every line consists of: TTL, Frequency, Fraction next(file) # skip CSV header line for line in file: ttl, freq, _ = line.split(",") total_ttl_distrib[ttl] = int(freq) return total_ttl_distrib # get the TTL distribution for every IP that is available in "resources/CaidaTTL_perIP.csv" ip_ttl_distrib = get_ip_ttl_distrib() # build a probability dict for the total TTL distribution total_ttl_prob_dict = Lea.fromValFreqsDict(get_total_ttl_distrib()) # loop over every bot id and assign a TTL to the respective bot for bot_id in sorted(bot_configs): bot_type = bot_configs[bot_id]["Type"] bot_ip = bot_configs[bot_id]["IP"] if bot_type == "local": bot_configs[bot_id]["TTL"] = 128 # if there exists detailed information about the TTL distribution of this IP elif bot_ip in ip_ttl_distrib: ip_ttl_freqs = ip_ttl_distrib[bot_ip] # build a probability dict from this IP's TTL distribution source_ttl_prob_dict = Lea.fromValFreqsDict(ip_ttl_freqs) bot_configs[bot_id]["TTL"] = source_ttl_prob_dict.random() # otherwise assign a random TTL based on the total TTL distribution else: bot_configs[bot_id]["TTL"] = total_ttl_prob_dict.random() # parse input CSV or XML filepath_xml = self.get_param_value(Param.FILE_XML) filepath_csv = self.get_param_value(Param.FILE_CSV) # use C++ communication processor for faster interval finding cpp_comm_proc = lb.botnet_comm_processor() # only use CSV input if the XML path is the default one # --> prefer XML input over CSV input (in case both are given) print_updates = False if filepath_csv and filepath_xml == self.DEFAULT_XML_PATH: filename = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filepath_csv))[0] filesize = os.path.getsize(filepath_csv) / 2**20 # get filesize in MB if filesize > 10: print("\nParsing input CSV file...", end=" ") sys.stdout.flush() print_updates = True cpp_comm_proc.parse_csv(filepath_csv) if print_updates: print("done.") print("Writing corresponding XML file...", end=" ") sys.stdout.flush() filepath_xml = cpp_comm_proc.write_xml(Util.OUT_DIR, filename) if print_updates: print("done.") else: filesize = os.path.getsize(filepath_xml) / 2**20 # get filesize in MB if filesize > 10: print("Parsing input XML file...", end=" ") sys.stdout.flush() print_updates = True cpp_comm_proc.parse_xml(filepath_xml) if print_updates: print("done.") # find a good communication mapping in the input file that matches the users parameters nat = self.get_param_value(Param.NAT_PRESENT) comm_proc = CommunicationProcessor(self.msg_types, nat) duration = self.get_param_value(Param.ATTACK_DURATION) number_init_bots = self.get_param_value(Param.NUMBER_INITIATOR_BOTS) strategy = self.get_param_value(Param.INTERVAL_SELECT_STRATEGY) start_idx = self.get_param_value(Param.INTERVAL_SELECT_START) end_idx = self.get_param_value(Param.INTERVAL_SELECT_END) potential_long_find_time = ( strategy == "optimal" and (filesize > 4 and self.statistics.get_packet_count() > 1000)) if print_updates or potential_long_find_time: if not print_updates: print() print("Selecting communication interval from input CSV/XML file...", end=" ") sys.stdout.flush() if potential_long_find_time: print("\nWarning: Because of the large input files and the (chosen) interval selection strategy") print("'optimal', this may take a while. Consider using selection strategy 'random' or 'custom'...", end=" ") sys.stdout.flush() print_updates = True comm_interval = comm_proc.get_comm_interval(cpp_comm_proc, strategy, number_init_bots, duration, start_idx, end_idx) if not comm_interval: print("Error: An interval that satisfies the input cannot be found.") return [] if print_updates: print("done.") # print corresponding message to interval finding message # retrieve the mapping information mapped_ids = comm_interval["IDs"] packet_start_idx = comm_interval["Start"] packet_end_idx = comm_interval["End"] while len(mapped_ids) > number_init_bots: rm_idx = randrange(0, len(mapped_ids)) del mapped_ids[rm_idx] if print_updates: print("Generating attack packets...", end=" ") sys.stdout.flush() # get the messages contained in the chosen interval abstract_packets = cpp_comm_proc.get_messages(packet_start_idx, packet_end_idx) comm_proc.set_mapping(abstract_packets, mapped_ids) # determine ID roles and select the messages that are to be mapped into the PCAP messages = comm_proc.det_id_roles_and_msgs() # use the previously detetermined roles to assign the locality of all IDs local_ids, external_ids = comm_proc.det_ext_and_local_ids() # determine number of reused local and external IPs reuse_percent_total = self.get_param_value(Param.IP_REUSE_TOTAL) reuse_percent_external = self.get_param_value(Param.IP_REUSE_EXTERNAL) reuse_percent_local = self.get_param_value(Param.IP_REUSE_LOCAL) # create IP and MAC configurations for the IDs/Bots ipgen = Generator.IPGenerator() pcapops = PcapAddressOperations(self.statistics) router_mac = pcapops.get_probable_router_mac() bot_configs = {} # retrieve and assign the IPs and MACs for the bots with respect to the given parameters # (IDs are always added to bot_configs in the same order under a given seed) number_local_ids, number_external_ids = len(local_ids), len(external_ids) # assign addresses for local IDs if number_local_ids > 0: reuse_count_local = int(reuse_percent_total * reuse_percent_local * number_local_ids) existing_local_ips = sorted(pcapops.get_existing_local_ips(reuse_count_local)) new_local_ips = sorted(pcapops.get_new_local_ips(number_local_ids - len(existing_local_ips))) add_ids_to_config(sorted(local_ids), existing_local_ips, new_local_ips, bot_configs) # assign addresses for external IDs if number_external_ids > 0: reuse_count_external = int(reuse_percent_total * reuse_percent_external * number_external_ids) existing_external_ips = sorted(pcapops.get_existing_external_ips(reuse_count_external)) remaining = len(external_ids) - len(existing_external_ips) for external_ip in existing_external_ips: ipgen.add_to_blacklist(external_ip) new_external_ips = sorted([ipgen.random_ip() for _ in range(remaining)]) add_ids_to_config(sorted(external_ids), existing_external_ips, new_external_ips, bot_configs, idtype="external", router_mac=router_mac) # this is the timestamp at which the first packet should be injected, the packets have to be shifted to # the beginning of the pcap file (INJECT_AT_TIMESTAMP) and then the offset of the packets have to be # compensated to start at the given point in time zero_reference = self.get_param_value(Param.INJECT_AT_TIMESTAMP) - messages[0].time # calculate the average delay values for local and external responses avg_delay_local, avg_delay_external = self.statistics.get_avg_delay_distributions(False) # set timestamps assign_realistic_timestamps(messages, external_ids, local_ids, avg_delay_local, avg_delay_external, zero_reference) port_selector = PortSelectors.LINUX reserved_ports = set(int(line.strip()) for line in open(Util.RESOURCE_DIR + "reserved_ports.txt").readlines()) def filter_reserved(get_port): port = get_port() while port in reserved_ports: port = get_port() return port # create port configurations for the bots use_multiple_ports = self.get_param_value(Param.MULTIPORT) for bot in sorted(bot_configs): bot_configs[bot]["SrcPort"] = filter_reserved(port_selector.select_port_udp) if not use_multiple_ports: bot_configs[bot]["DstPort"] = filter_reserved(Generator.gen_random_server_port) else: bot_configs[bot]["DstPort"] = filter_reserved(port_selector.select_port_udp) # assign realistic TTL for every bot if self.get_param_value(Param.TTL_FROM_CAIDA): assign_ttls_from_caida(bot_configs) else: assign_realistic_ttls(bot_configs) # put together the final messages including the full sender and receiver # configurations (i.e. IP, MAC, port, ...) for easier later use final_messages = [] messages = sorted(messages, key=lambda m: m.time) new_id = 0 for msg in messages: type_src, type_dst = bot_configs[msg.src]["Type"], bot_configs[msg.dst]["Type"] id_src, id_dst = msg.src, msg.dst # sort out messages that do not have a suitable locality setting if type_src == "external" and type_dst == "external": continue msg.src, msg.dst = bot_configs[id_src], bot_configs[id_dst] msg.src["ID"], msg.dst["ID"] = id_src, id_dst msg.msg_id = new_id new_id += 1 # Important here to update refers, if needed later? final_messages.append(msg) return final_messages